India and Japan have taken a significant step towards deepening their strategic partnership, with Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi unveiling an ambitious roadmap to strengthen cooperation across defence, artificial intelligence (AI), economic security, clean energy and critical technologies.

Takaichi concluded her three-day maiden visit to India on Friday after co-chairing the 16th India-Japan Annual Summit, during which the two countries signed 16 major agreements aimed at expanding cooperation beyond traditional trade and diplomacy.

The summit marked a strategic shift in bilateral ties, highlighted by the launch of the first-ever India-Japan defence co-development project, enhanced collaboration in emerging technologies, and a renewed commitment to maintaining a free, open and rules-based Indo-Pacific region.

Defence Cooperation Reaches New Milestone

One of the most significant outcomes of the summit was the signing of the Naval Radio Antenna Programme, the first joint defence co-development initiative between the two countries. The project is expected to pave the way for broader collaboration in defence technology, maritime security and regional stability.

The two leaders also reaffirmed their commitment to strengthening defence cooperation through regular military exchanges, technology partnerships and joint initiatives aimed at enhancing regional security.

AI, Semiconductors and Economic Security in Focus

Artificial intelligence and economic resilience emerged as key priorities during the summit.

India and Japan signed a Joint Declaration on Economic Security, focusing on building resilient supply chains in strategic sectors such as semiconductors, critical minerals, pharmaceuticals, clean energy, information technology and artificial intelligence.

A separate AI cooperation agreement was also announced, under which both countries will collaborate on AI research, advanced computing infrastructure, safe and human-centric AI development, and innovation across the technology ecosystem.

As part of the collaboration, the IndiaAI Mission and Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) will jointly promote AI research and business partnerships.

Leading academic and technology institutions, including IIT Bombay, BharatGen Technology Foundation, Japan's National Institute of Informatics, SarvamAI and Preferred Networks, will work together on developing next-generation large language models (LLMs) and AI foundation models.

Cooperation Expands Across Key Sectors

The summit also produced agreements covering battery manufacturing, critical minerals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, digital infrastructure, cybersecurity, internet governance and sustainable agriculture.

Among the notable initiatives is a plan to establish 1,000 biogas and organic fertiliser plants across India through the country's dairy cooperative network.

Scientific collaboration will also receive a boost through partnerships involving India's C-CAMP and NCBS-TIFR with Japan's RIKEN, focusing on healthcare, agriculture, biotechnology and environmental sciences.

Additionally, both countries launched a Next Generation Mobility Partnership to enhance cooperation in railways, automobiles, aviation, shipbuilding and logistics.

Joint Stand Against Terrorism

India and Japan reiterated their shared commitment to combating terrorism in all its forms.

The two leaders strongly condemned the April 22, 2025, terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, and called for stronger international action against terrorism, including measures to curb terror financing, dismantle safe havens and prevent the use of proxy groups.

Both sides also reaffirmed support for comprehensive United Nations Security Council (UNSC) reforms and pledged to continue working with fellow G4 nations to make the global body more representative of contemporary geopolitical realities.

Cultural Diplomacy Adds Personal Touch

Beyond strategic agreements, Takaichi's visit also generated interest for its cultural symbolism.

Prime Minister Modi and his Japanese counterpart greeted each other with the traditional Indian "Namaste", with folded hands, during official engagements. Japan's Cabinet Public Relations Office highlighted the significance of the gesture, noting that the Anjali Mudra represents respect, humility and gratitude.

The leaders also announced that 2027 will be celebrated as the India-Japan Year of Shared Horizons, commemorating 75 years of diplomatic relations between the two countries.

Describing the visit as a milestone, India's Ministry of External Affairs said the agreements signed during the summit have further strengthened the India-Japan Special Strategic and Global Partnership, positioning both nations to cooperate more closely on regional security, advanced technology and economic resilience in the years ahead.

One joke. One very uncomfortable Japanese Prime Minister. And one very important question about how America treats its closest allies.

March 19, 2026. Day 20 of Operation Epic Fury — America's ongoing war on Iran. The Oval Office. Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi — one of the first allied leaders to visit the White House since the war began on February 28 — sitting directly across from President Donald Trump. A Japanese reporter stands up and asks the question that every allied nation has been asking in private for three weeks. Why did the United States not tell its allies — including Japan — before launching strikes on Iran?

Trump's answer was not a diplomatic one.

The Moment — Word For Word

"We went in very hard and we didn't tell anybody about it because we wanted surprise," Trump said. Then, looking directly at the Japanese Prime Minister sitting beside him, he added — "Who knows better about surprise than Japan? Okay? Why didn't you tell me about Pearl Harbor? Okay? Right?"

Cameras caught everything. Takaichi's smile visibly faded. Her eyebrows rose. She appeared deeply uncomfortable. Trump, apparently pleased with himself, continued — "You believe in surprise, I think, much more so than us. And we had to surprise them. And we did."

Pearl Harbor — December 7, 1941. Japan's surprise attack on the US Pacific Fleet killed over 2,400 Americans and pulled the United States into World War II. The US response ultimately included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It is perhaps the most sensitive military reference in the entire history of US-Japan relations. And Trump used it as a punchline — sitting next to Japan's Prime Minister — to explain why America kept its allies in the dark before starting a war.

What The Meeting Was Actually About

Beyond the joke, Takaichi's visit to Washington was substantive and urgent. She is among only a handful of world leaders to meet Trump since the Iran war began. The agenda included trade negotiations, global security cooperation and — most critically — the Strait of Hormuz crisis. Japan gets a significant portion of its energy through that waterway, which Iran closed after the February 28 strikes. Trump has been pressing allies to contribute to a coalition defending the strait. Japan was being asked to step up.

Trump acknowledged this directly, saying Japan was — quote — stepping up to the plate — though he offered no specific details about what Japan had agreed to. He then undermined his own ask by adding — "We don't need much. We don't need anything from Japan or from anyone else. But I think it's appropriate that people step up." The Pentagon has simultaneously submitted a request to Congress for at least 200 billion dollars to fund the Iran war — a figure that suggests America very much does need something from someone.

The Bigger Problem — Allies Left in the Dark

The Pearl Harbor joke was awkward. But the question behind it is serious. Japan was not informed before Operation Epic Fury launched. Neither were most of America's NATO allies. Neither was South Korea. The entire operation — the biggest US military action since the Iraq War — was launched as a complete surprise not just to Iran but to America's own alliance network.

The consequences of that choice are now visible. Multiple allies have refused Trump's request to send ships to defend the Strait of Hormuz. France said it would only contribute after the war ends. South Korea declined. Europe broadly said no. Trump himself complained — unlike NATO — when crediting Japan for at least showing willingness to help.

When you start a war without telling your friends — do not be surprised when your friends are slow to show up.

Japan's Calculation — And What Takaichi Did Not Say

Takaichi did not respond to the Pearl Harbor remark publicly. She smiled. She moved on. That silence was itself diplomatic. Japan's relationship with the United States is the cornerstone of its entire security architecture. Japan hosts 54,000 US troops. It cannot afford to take public offence at a presidential quip — no matter how tone-deaf. But Japanese officials privately are deeply uncomfortable about being excluded from pre-war consultations on a conflict that directly impacts Japan's energy supply, its maritime security and its standing in Asia.

Takaichi is also Japan's first female prime minister — elected by a landslide — and she came to Washington carrying significant political capital and national expectations. Being the subject of a Pearl Harbor punchline on international television was not how that visit was meant to be remembered.

The Iran War Context — Day 20

Operation Epic Fury is now 20 days old. US and Israeli airstrikes have killed 1,444 people in Iran and wounded 18,551. The Strait of Hormuz remains closed. Oil prices crossed 119 dollars a barrel before settling around 108 dollars. Iran has struck back — hitting Israel's Haifa oil refinery, Kuwait's Mina Al-Ahmadi facility and Gulf energy infrastructure across multiple countries. America's own war bill is already above 12 billion dollars with no end date in sight.

In the middle of all this — America's president is making Pearl Harbor jokes.

That is not a diplomatic gaffe. That is a signal about how Donald Trump views alliance management — as a transaction, not a partnership. And America's allies — from Tokyo to Paris to Seoul — are paying very close attention.