The death of veteran US Senator Lindsey Graham at the age of 71 has drawn global attention to aortic dissection, a rare but life-threatening cardiovascular emergency that often strikes without warning and requires immediate medical treatment.

According to preliminary findings released by the Medical Examiner of the District of Columbia, Graham died from an aortic dissection caused by arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The diagnosis has prompted renewed public interest in understanding the condition, its symptoms, risk factors and available treatment options.

What Is an Aortic Dissection?

An aortic dissection occurs when the inner layer of the aorta, the body's largest artery responsible for carrying oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body, develops a tear. Blood then flows between the layers of the artery wall, causing them to separate or "dissect."

If left untreated, the condition can lead to rupture of the aorta, severe internal bleeding or reduced blood flow to vital organs, making it one of the most serious cardiovascular emergencies.

Medical experts classify the condition into two primary categories. Stanford Type A involves the upper portion of the aorta closest to the heart and usually requires emergency open-heart surgery. Stanford Type B affects the descending portion of the aorta and may be managed with medication or minimally invasive procedures depending on its severity.

Symptoms Often Appear Suddenly

Doctors say one of the hallmark signs of an aortic dissection is the sudden onset of severe chest or upper back pain. Patients frequently describe it as a sharp, tearing or stabbing sensation unlike typical heart attack pain.

Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, fainting, severe abdominal pain, weakness in the legs, difficulty walking and stroke-like symptoms such as vision loss, slurred speech or weakness on one side of the body.

Because many of these symptoms resemble those of heart attacks or strokes, diagnosis can sometimes be delayed, increasing the risk of fatal complications.

Who Is at Greater Risk?

Health experts say uncontrolled high blood pressure remains one of the leading risk factors for aortic dissection. Persistent hypertension can gradually weaken the wall of the aorta, making it more vulnerable to tearing.

Other contributing factors include atherosclerosis, inherited connective tissue disorders, congenital heart abnormalities, existing aortic aneurysms, smoking and a family history of the condition.

The disease is reported more frequently among men over the age of 60, although it can affect younger individuals with certain genetic disorders or structural heart conditions.

Medical specialists also note that sudden spikes in blood pressure caused by intense physical exertion or severe emotional stress may trigger an aortic tear in susceptible individuals.

A Medical Emergency

Cardiologists describe aortic dissection as one of the most dangerous cardiovascular emergencies because survival depends heavily on rapid diagnosis and treatment.

Studies indicate that mortality increases significantly if treatment is delayed, particularly in Type A dissections, where emergency surgery is often the only life-saving option.

Specialists also warn that routine heart attack investigations, including electrocardiograms (ECGs) and some blood tests, may appear normal despite the presence of an aortic tear, making advanced imaging such as CT scans essential for confirmation.

Can It Be Prevented?

Although not all cases can be prevented, doctors recommend maintaining healthy blood pressure, avoiding smoking, following a heart-healthy diet and undergoing regular medical check-ups, especially for individuals with cardiovascular disease or a family history of aortic disorders.

People diagnosed with an aortic aneurysm or inherited connective tissue disorders are advised to remain under regular specialist supervision to reduce the risk of complications.

The death of Senator Lindsey Graham has once again highlighted the importance of recognising the warning signs of aortic dissection and seeking immediate emergency care if symptoms develop, as early intervention remains the most effective way to improve survival.