Pakistan has warned that its newly signed defence agreement with Saudi Arabia and Türkiye could become operational if Houthi attacks on the kingdom continue or the conflict in Yemen spills further into Saudi territory.

Defence Minister Khawaja Asif said Islamabad was bound by the terms of the Makkah Joint Defence Agreement and would honour its commitments if Saudi Arabia faced aggression. His remarks came after a major Houthi missile and drone assault on southern Saudi Arabia left 73 people injured and targeted energy and military infrastructure.

Pakistan Signals Collective Defence Response

Speaking to Pakistani media, Asif said there should be no ambiguity about Pakistan's obligations under the agreement.

He said that unprovoked aggression against a member state, or a spillover of the Yemen conflict into Saudi Arabia, could make the pact operational. Pakistan's defence minister also stressed that Islamabad would act according to the agreement's terms if such a situation arose.

The warning marks a significant development because the three-country defence agreement was signed only last month and is now being tested by an escalating regional conflict.

Makkah Agreement Treats Attack on One as Attack on All

Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Türkiye signed the Makkah Joint Defence Agreement on August 7, committing to strengthen collective deterrence and defence cooperation.

According to Pakistan's official account of the agreement, an armed attack against any one of the three countries is to be regarded as an attack against all three. The pact also calls for enhanced cooperation across defence-related areas.

The exact military mechanisms for implementing the agreement, however, have not been publicly detailed.

Houthi Attacks Hit Saudi Energy and Military Sites

The warning from Islamabad followed a coordinated Houthi attack on September 8 that targeted several locations in southern Saudi Arabia.

The Iran-aligned Yemeni group attacked areas including Abha, Khamis Mushait, Najran and Jazan. Saudi authorities said 73 people were injured, while fires and operational disruptions were reported at energy facilities. Targets included installations associated with Saudi oil giant Aramco and an air base.

The attacks represent one of the most serious recent escalations between the Houthis and Saudi Arabia, after years of relative calm following the UN-backed truce that reduced large-scale fighting in Yemen in 2022.

Pakistan Condemns Houthi Strikes

Islamabad has already publicly condemned the attacks.

Pakistan's Foreign Ministry described the strikes on civilian and economic targets in Abha, Khamis Mushait, Jazan and Najran as a violation of Saudi Arabia's sovereignty and territorial integrity.

It also reiterated Pakistan's support for Saudi Arabia's right under international law to defend its territory, citizens and national assets.

However, Pakistan's position also reflects an effort to avoid being drawn unnecessarily into a wider regional conflict. Reuters reported that Islamabad has warned Iran to rein in the Houthis while emphasising that Pakistan's role under the defence arrangement is focused on protecting Saudi territory.

Yemen Conflict Raises Wider Regional Risks

The renewed fighting is unfolding against the backdrop of a much broader Middle East crisis involving Iran, the United States and other regional actors.

The Houthis have also threatened Saudi shipping and increased pressure around the Red Sea, while the Bab al-Mandeb Strait remains a strategically important route connecting the Red Sea with the Gulf of Aden.

Any sustained disruption could have consequences beyond Yemen and Saudi Arabia, particularly for energy markets and international shipping. Recent Houthi attacks on Saudi energy infrastructure have already contributed to concerns over regional oil supplies.

What Happens Next?

For now, Pakistan has not announced that it is deploying forces to Saudi Arabia. Asif's comments amount to a warning that the collective-defence provisions could be activated if the conflict crosses the threshold outlined by the agreement.

That distinction is important. The Makkah pact creates a framework for collective security, but the circumstances and operational steps that would follow an attack have not been publicly set out in detail.

With Houthi attacks and Saudi military responses escalating, the immediate concern is whether the conflict remains contained within the existing Yemen-Saudi confrontation or develops into a wider regional military crisis involving Pakistan and Türkiye.

A container ship carrying 21 Indian sailors came under fire from Iranian boats in the Strait of Hormuz on April 22, with newly released footage showing vessels linked to Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) surrounding the ship during the incident.

The video, released by the Federation of Seafarers’ Associations of India (FSUI), reportedly captures the moments following the attack. The footage shows broken glass and belongings scattered inside the vessel, while Iranian fast boats can be seen moving around the ship.

All 21 Indian sailors on board reportedly survived the incident after taking shelter inside the vessel during the attack.

Video Shows Iranian Boats

According to the footage, several fast boats associated with the IRGC approached the container ship. One image appears to show an armed IRGC personnel on a fast boat carrying a rocket launcher.

The video also appears to capture a projectile being fired towards the ship. The vessel's windscreen was reportedly damaged during the incident, while objects inside the ship were thrown around following the attack.

The sailors took cover inside the vessel as the confrontation unfolded.

India Tightens Sailor Deployment

The incident comes against the backdrop of growing security concerns around the Strait of Hormuz and other strategically important waterways in the Gulf region.

India had already taken steps to reduce risks to its maritime workforce. On July 16, the government stopped the fresh deployment of Indian sailors on ships travelling through the Strait of Hormuz and the Arabian Gulf until further orders.

The restriction applies to new deployment of Indian seafarers and does not directly cover Indian sailors recruited outside the country by foreign shipping companies.

Indian authorities have also advised ship owners, ship-management companies and recruitment firms to exercise greater caution while operating in the region.

Indian Sailors Killed In Region

According to the report, at least 14 Indian sailors have been killed in attacks in and around the Strait of Hormuz since February 28.

The latest footage has renewed concerns about the safety of Indian seafarers working on commercial vessels operating through waters affected by military tensions and attacks.

The Strait of Hormuz is a crucial maritime route for global energy supplies and has remained particularly sensitive amid wider regional tensions.

Cargo Ship Hijacked Off Somalia

Separately, a cargo ship carrying six Indian nationals was reportedly hijacked off the Puntland coast of Somalia.

The Cameroon-flagged M/V LUTUF was carrying 10 people, including six Indians, a Turkish national, a Georgian national and two Serbian security personnel. The vessel was reportedly seized on August 17 near Maraya in Somalia's Eyl district before being taken towards the Nugaal coast.

Somali officials said eight pirates took control of the vessel. Turkish vessels subsequently reached the area and began monitoring the ship using helicopters and drones.

An airstrike later killed four people and injured two others after a small boat approached the vessel. However, the identity of those targeted and their connection with the hijacking remained unclear.

The current status of the vessel and all members of its crew was also not immediately clear.

Houthi Attack Kills Pakistani Sailors

Maritime security concerns have also affected other South Asian seafarers.

The bodies of two Pakistani sailors killed in a Houthi attack reached Karachi on Thursday. Six other Pakistani sailors who were injured in the incident also returned safely to Pakistan.

The attack took place on August 11 against the Tanzanian-flagged Tihama in the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait. Three Pakistani sailors and one Indonesian sailor were reported killed.

Pakistan Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar condemned the attack and stressed the need to ensure the safety of seafarers operating in dangerous maritime zones.

Rising Concern Over Maritime Safety

The incidents involving Indian, Pakistani and other international crews highlight the growing risks faced by commercial shipping personnel operating through conflict-affected and strategically important waterways.

For India, the security of its large seafaring workforce has become a particular concern as commercial vessels continue to navigate the Gulf, Strait of Hormuz and surrounding waters.

The release of the Hormuz attack footage is likely to add to calls for stronger security measures for Indian sailors and greater coordination between shipping companies and government agencies.

Pakistan’s decision to deepen defence cooperation with Somalia could mark a new phase in Islamabad’s efforts to expand its strategic role beyond South Asia and into the wider security architecture of the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and western Indian Ocean.

The defence cooperation agreement, signed in Islamabad on August 4, covers counter-terrorism, military training, exchanges and capability building. The agreement came days before Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Turkey signed the Mecca Joint Defence Agreement, creating a broader framework for security cooperation.

The timing has drawn attention because Somalia sits at the intersection of several competing strategic interests involving Saudi Arabia, Turkey, the UAE and other regional and global powers.

Somalia Gains Defence Partner

Pakistan has historical links with Somalia through its participation in United Nations operations in the country during the early 1990s. Pakistani troops were among the international forces involved in the UN mission in Mogadishu before leaving the country in 1995.

The latest agreement, however, represents a different form of engagement. Rather than committing large numbers of combat troops, Pakistan is expected to focus on training, counter-terrorism expertise, military exchanges and capability development.

Somalia has been rebuilding its security forces while continuing its fight against Al-Shabaab, the Al-Qaeda-linked militant organisation that remains a major security challenge in the country.

What Pakistan Can Offer

Pakistan brings decades of military and counter-insurgency experience to the partnership. Its armed forces have extensive experience in counter-terrorism operations, while the country also possesses a defence industry capable of producing relatively affordable military equipment.

There has also been speculation about Somali interest in Pakistan’s JF-17 fighter aircraft, potentially with support from Saudi Arabia and Turkey. However, no confirmed contract has been announced, making the possibility different from an established defence deal.

For Islamabad, military training and equipment cooperation could provide a way to increase its strategic relevance without committing substantial forces to another overseas conflict.

Saudi Arabia’s Role

Saudi Arabia is an important factor in understanding Pakistan’s growing interest in the Horn of Africa.

Riyadh has expanded its engagement with the Red Sea region and is seeking greater influence over maritime security, regional stability and the strategic approaches to the Arabian Peninsula.

Somalia’s location near the Gulf of Aden and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait gives it particular importance. The maritime route is a critical connection between the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, making security in the area important for regional and international trade.

Pakistan’s longstanding defence relationship with Saudi Arabia could therefore acquire a broader strategic dimension through cooperation involving Somalia.

Turkey Adds Another Dimension

Turkey is another important element of Islamabad’s emerging strategy.

Ankara has significantly expanded its defence and diplomatic presence in Africa and has developed capabilities in drones, naval systems and other military technologies.

The Pakistan-Saudi-Turkey defence framework could allow the three countries to combine different military strengths. Saudi Arabia provides financial and strategic weight, Turkey brings a growing defence-industrial base, while Pakistan offers a large military establishment, training capabilities and operational experience.

For Islamabad, closer coordination with both Riyadh and Ankara could help transform its traditional defence partnerships into wider geopolitical influence.

Maritime Security Interests

Pakistan also has a direct maritime interest in the region.

The country participates in the Combined Maritime Forces and has been involved in international efforts related to maritime security and counter-piracy in and around the Arabian Sea.

Somalia and the Gulf of Aden provide a geographical link between Pakistan’s existing maritime interests and the wider Red Sea security environment.

Greater defence cooperation with Somalia could therefore allow Islamabad to strengthen its role in a region that is increasingly important for shipping, energy routes and international security.

Risk of Strategic Overreach

Pakistan’s expanding role also carries risks.

The Horn of Africa already involves several external powers, including Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Turkey, Qatar, Egypt, the United States and China. Their interests often overlap but can also compete.

A deeper Pakistani military presence could potentially draw Islamabad into regional rivalries that extend beyond its immediate strategic interests.

Pakistan also faces economic constraints and has limited capacity for sustained overseas military commitments. A major deployment to Somalia or involvement in multiple African conflicts could place additional pressure on its military and financial resources.

For this reason, Pakistan is more likely to focus on training, equipment, military exchanges and defence diplomacy rather than a large-scale combat role.

A New Strategic Frontier

The Somalia agreement suggests that Islamabad is increasingly using defence diplomacy to expand its strategic relevance beyond South Asia.

For Saudi Arabia, Pakistan can provide military expertise and manpower without necessarily requiring a major combat deployment. For Somalia, the partnership offers access to an experienced military and a potential source of training and equipment.

The key question is how far Pakistan chooses to take this engagement.

If Islamabad manages to maintain a limited advisory and capacity-building role, Somalia could become a relatively low-cost entry point into the strategic affairs of the Horn of Africa and Red Sea. However, deeper involvement could expose Pakistan to rivalries and conflicts that are not directly connected to its own security interests.

The Somalia pact therefore appears to be more than a routine military-training agreement. It could be an early indication of Pakistan’s attempt to build a wider defence-diplomacy footprint across the western Indian Ocean and the Horn of Africa.

Yemen’s Houthi group has claimed responsibility for a drone attack targeting an Aramco facility in Saudi Arabia’s Najran, saying the strike was carried out in response to what it described as a violation of Yemeni airspace by Saudi military aircraft.

The claim was reported by the Houthi-run SABA news agency, which cited a Houthi military source. However, there was no immediate independent confirmation from Saudi authorities or Saudi Aramco regarding the alleged attack.

Houthis Cite Airspace Violation

According to the Houthi military source quoted by SABA, Saudi military aircraft allegedly entered Yemeni airspace over the northeastern part of Saada governorate.

The Houthi group described the alleged incident as a violation of Yemen’s sovereignty and said the reported drone operation was carried out in retaliation.

The group did not provide detailed information about the alleged Saudi aircraft activity or explain whether any prior military engagement had taken place.

Aramco Facility Targeted

The Houthis claimed that their drone targeted an Aramco facility in Najran, a Saudi city located close to the Yemen border.

The group did not disclose the type of drone reportedly used in the operation, the direction from which it was launched or other operational details.

It also did not provide evidence establishing whether the drone actually struck the facility.

At the time of the report, it remained unclear whether the alleged attack caused any damage, casualties or disruption to energy operations.

No Immediate Saudi Confirmation

Saudi authorities had not immediately confirmed the Houthi claim.

There was also no immediate statement from Saudi Aramco regarding an attack on one of its facilities in Najran.

The absence of an independent confirmation means key details of the reported incident, including whether a drone reached the facility and whether any damage occurred, remain unclear.

Rising Regional Tensions

The reported claim comes against the backdrop of continuing tensions between the Houthi movement and Saudi Arabia, with Yemen's conflict having wider implications for security across the Arabian Peninsula.

The Houthis, who control large parts of northern Yemen including the capital Sanaa, have previously carried out drone and missile operations against targets in Saudi Arabia.

The group has also become a major regional security actor following its attacks on shipping in and around the Red Sea, linking its military actions to the wider conflict in the Middle East.

Energy Infrastructure Remains Sensitive

Any confirmed attack on an Aramco facility would carry wider significance because Saudi Arabia is one of the world's largest oil producers and Aramco operates critical energy infrastructure across the kingdom.

Saudi energy facilities have previously been targeted by drones and missiles, raising concerns about the vulnerability of regional oil infrastructure and global energy supplies.

However, there was no immediate evidence in the reported claim that Saudi oil production or exports had been affected.

Details Await Independent Verification

For now, the reported drone strike remains a Houthi claim that has not been independently verified.

Further information from Saudi authorities, Saudi Aramco or other independent sources would be required to establish whether the alleged attack took place, whether the Aramco facility was actually hit and whether it resulted in casualties or material damage.

The incident, if confirmed, could add to concerns over renewed military tensions along the Saudi-Yemeni border and the broader security situation in the region.

Amid rising tensions in West Asia, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has condemned recent missile attacks by Yemen's Houthi rebels against Saudi Arabia and attacks targeting commercial vessels in the Red Sea.

Following an emergency meeting on Friday, Security Council members expressed concern over the worsening security situation in Yemen and warned that continued escalation could threaten regional stability and international peace and security.

Saudi Arabia Missile Attacks

The UNSC said Houthi forces had launched missile attacks against Saudi Arabia since July 13. The Council also condemned attacks on commercial vessels since July 22.

Members of the Security Council urged the Houthis to avoid further escalation and called for existing dialogue channels to be used to address concerns and reduce tensions.

The attacks on commercial shipping in the Red Sea have raised fresh concerns over maritime security and international trade. The waterway is a major route for global shipping, and prolonged instability could disrupt regional as well as international commerce.

Support for Yemen’s Sovereignty

The Security Council reaffirmed its strong commitment to Yemen's sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity.

The Council stressed that Yemen's sovereignty over its territory and airspace must be respected. It also called on all parties to comply with international law and relevant UN Security Council resolutions.

The statement comes amid growing concerns over military activity and competing claims of authority in Yemen.

Concern Over Airport Landings

The UNSC also condemned what it described as unauthorised aircraft landings at Yemeni airports.

According to the Council, aircraft landed at Sana'a International Airport on July 3 and Hudaydah Airport on July 13without permission or clearance from the Yemeni government.

The Security Council said such landings violated international civil aviation rules.

It emphasised that flights operating to Yemeni airports should be coordinated with the Yemeni government and receive prior authorisation.

Focus on Humanitarian Access

The Council also highlighted the need for safe, secure and sustainable air access to Yemen for humanitarian and civilian purposes.

It said humanitarian and civilian flights should be coordinated with the Yemeni government and conducted in accordance with international law and applicable civil aviation regulations.

The UNSC stressed that efforts to address Yemen's security crisis should also take into account the needs of civilians and humanitarian organisations.

Reference to Resolution 2216

The Security Council reminded all parties of their obligations under international law and relevant UN resolutions, including Resolution 2216, adopted in 2015.

The resolution includes restrictions on the supply, sale or transfer of arms and related military assistance to individuals and entities designated by the Security Council's 2140 Sanctions Committee, including the Houthis.

The Council urged all sides to comply with the existing sanctions framework and avoid actions that could further destabilise Yemen.

UN Peace Efforts

The UNSC also reiterated its support for UN Special Envoy for Yemen Hans Grundberg and his efforts to find a political solution to the conflict.

The Council backed a negotiated, inclusive and Yemeni-led and Yemeni-owned political settlement, based on agreed references and relevant Security Council resolutions.

The latest developments have heightened concerns over regional security and freedom of navigation, particularly around the Red Sea.

The Security Council urged restraint and called on the Houthis and other concerned parties to avoid further escalation and use dialogue to resolve outstanding issues.

The Council warned that continued military escalation could undermine ongoing peace efforts in Yemen and create wider security risks across the region.

At least 10 people have been killed in intensified Houthi attacks on Yemen's strategic Marib province, according to Yemeni officials and military sources, as fighting escalates and the United Nations warns of a growing risk of renewed large-scale conflict.

The latest violence comes after a fragile 2022 truce between the Iran-backed Houthis and Yemen's Saudi-supported government effectively unravelled last month. The renewed fighting has raised fears that Yemen could once again slide into a broader conflict after years of relative calm along several front lines.

On Thursday, at least 58 government troops were killed in Houthi missile attacks in and around Marib province, according to an army source cited by AFP.

UN Warns of Wider Conflict

UN Special Envoy for Yemen Hans Grundberg warned that the country is facing an increasingly dangerous situation.

"Today faces a greater risk of renewed large-scale conflict than at any point since the UN-brokered truce of April 2022," Grundberg said in a statement.

Against the backdrop of the wider confrontation between the United States and Iran, the UN envoy urged both sides to exercise restraint and return to what he described as good-faith negotiations.

The warning comes as the Houthis, who are backed by Iran, have stepped up military activity against forces aligned with Yemen's internationally recognised government.

Civilians Among Those Killed

A Yemeni military source told AFP that the latest Houthi attacks killed eight members of government forces and wounded 12 others.

Yemen's Health Minister Qasim Buhaibeh separately said Houthi shelling had struck residential neighbourhoods and displacement camps in Marib city.

According to an initial toll cited by the minister, two civilians were killed and 14 others wounded.

The attacks have therefore raised fresh concerns over the safety of civilians and displaced people living in areas close to the front lines.

Houthis Claim Military Targets

The Houthis said their latest strikes targeted a government military camp in Marib province.

Houthi military spokesman Yahya Saree claimed that Saudi-backed forces had been mobilising in the area and said the group's fighters had targeted the Sahn al-Jinn camp.

According to a Yemeni military source cited by AFP, the Houthis launched more than 10 missiles and seven one-way attack drones against military positions in Marib.

The source spoke anonymously because of the sensitivity of the military operations.

The Houthis have portrayed the attacks as a response to what they describe as a Saudi-backed military build-up in the province.

Saudi Coalition Issues Warning

A source close to the Saudi military said the Saudi-led coalition supporting Yemen's government since 2015 would not remain passive in the face of the latest Houthi attacks.

The source described Marib as a "red line" and warned that Saudi authorities would not accept a Houthi takeover of the province.

At the same time, the source said the coalition did not seek further escalation.

The statements indicate the possibility of a wider military response if the Houthis continue their offensive in the strategically important region.

Why Marib Matters

Marib is one of Yemen's most strategically important provinces because of its energy resources and location.

The province is divided between the Houthis and forces aligned with the Yemeni government. Government forces retain control of Marib city as well as key oil fields and energy facilities.

The Houthis launched a renewed offensive to capture the energy-rich province in 2021. However, fighting largely subsided following the 2022 truce.

The latest escalation threatens to reopen one of Yemen's most important battlefronts.

Truce Gives Way to Escalation

Yemen has been caught in a devastating conflict for more than a decade, with the Houthis controlling large parts of the country, including the capital, Sanaa.

The group's involvement in the broader US-Iran confrontation has further complicated the situation.

Last month, the Houthis welcomed an Iranian aircraft into Sanaa, triggering a series of retaliatory actions. The group subsequently announced a maritime blockade targeting Saudi Arabia and began attacking tankers, further increasing regional tensions.

Earlier last month, Houthi fighters also killed 16 soldiers in an attack on government-aligned forces south of the port city of Hodeidah, according to medical officials.

With fighting now intensifying around Marib, the UN's warning of a renewed large-scale conflict has added urgency to calls for restraint and a return to negotiations.

For Yemen, the latest escalation raises the prospect of another prolonged period of fighting, with civilians and displaced communities once again facing the greatest risks.

The conflict involving Iran has delivered a massive financial windfall to the global energy industry, with the world's six largest oil companies collectively earning $81 billion (around ₹7 lakh crore) during the April–June quarter, even as geopolitical tensions continue to disrupt shipping through the Strait of Hormuz and the Red Sea.

According to an Al Jazeera report, the combined quarterly profits of the six energy majors exceeded India's annual defence budget of ₹6.81 lakh crore, underscoring how rising crude prices during the conflict significantly boosted corporate earnings.

The Iran war pushed Brent crude prices from nearly $70 per barrel to almost $120 per barrel between April and June, with average prices rising by around 23 per cent during the period. The surge translated into higher fuel, transportation and commodity prices across global markets, adding to inflationary pressures in several economies.

Oil Prices Ease on Diplomatic Hopes

Despite the sharp gains recorded during the conflict, crude prices have retreated in recent sessions amid growing optimism over a possible diplomatic breakthrough between the United States and Iran.

US benchmark West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude fell nearly 5 per cent to around $76.32 per barrel, while Brent crude slipped below the $80 per barrel mark as markets reacted positively to reports of progress in negotiations concerning the Strait of Hormuz.

Investors remain focused on efforts to restore normal shipping through one of the world's most critical energy corridors, through which nearly one-fifth of global oil supplies pass.

Hormuz Negotiations Enter Final Phase

Negotiations between Iran and Oman over future shipping arrangements in the Strait of Hormuz are reportedly entering their final stages.

According to reports, the proposed framework would introduce new navigation rules under which vessels entering Iranian waters would remain under Tehran's observation, while outbound ships would transit through Omani-controlled routes after obtaining clearance. Iran would also retain the authority to inspect vessels whenever it considers necessary.

Iranian media have also referred to discussions on developing a new "Middle Corridor", a proposed maritime route intended to reduce congestion and lower the risk of confrontations in the strategically important waterway.

Tehran has indicated that any long-term arrangement should also involve relief from certain US sanctions affecting its ports, while Washington continues to push for the complete reopening of the Strait to ensure uninterrupted global energy supplies.

Shipping Activity Remains Below Normal

Commercial shipping through both the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait remains significantly below normal levels.

Recent maritime data showed that vessel movements through Hormuz dropped from 19 ships to 15 within a day, while traffic through the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait declined to 21 vessels, marking the lowest daily movement recorded since early June.

Reports also indicated that a cargo vessel came under a suspected missile or drone attack near the Omani coast, highlighting the continuing security risks facing commercial shipping in the region.

Regional Security Situation Remains Volatile

The broader regional security environment also remains fragile.

In southern Lebanon, negotiations between Israeli and Lebanese officials continue in Rome over a possible Israeli troop withdrawal. However, both sides remain divided over the conditions for implementing any agreement, particularly concerning Hezbollah's military infrastructure and verification mechanisms.

Meanwhile, an Indian-flagged merchant vessel recently sank after being attacked near Yemen in the Red Sea. All 13 Indian crew members were rescued safely.

In Iran, political uncertainty has also intensified, with reports suggesting that a group of lawmakers is preparing impeachment proceedings against Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi over his diplomatic engagement with the United States.

Markets Watch Diplomatic Outcome

Energy markets are expected to remain highly sensitive to developments surrounding the Strait of Hormuz. Any breakthrough capable of restoring normal maritime traffic could help stabilise crude prices, while any escalation in hostilities risks triggering fresh volatility in global oil markets.

Yemen Condemns Attack on Indian Ship

Yemen's internationally recognised government has expressed solidarity with India after an Indian commercial cargo vessel was sunk in a Houthi attack in the Red Sea, describing the assault as a serious violation of international law and a threat to global maritime security.

In an official statement, Yemen's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates strongly condemned the attack on MSV Faize Noore Oliya, which was struck near the port city of Hodeidah while transiting the Red Sea on Tuesday.

According to the ministry, the vessel was targeted using an explosive-laden boat, causing it to sink completely.

First Known Attack on Indian Merchant Vessel

The incident marks the first reported attack on an Indian merchant vessel in the Red Sea since the conflict in the region escalated.

The development has heightened concerns over the security of one of the world's busiest maritime trade corridors, with experts warning that attacks are expanding beyond the Strait of Hormuz and increasingly threatening commercial shipping across the wider region.

The Red Sea serves as a vital route for international trade, carrying a significant share of global cargo and energy supplies.

All Crew Members Rescued

Yemen said it was working closely with Indian authorities following the incident and reaffirmed its commitment to providing all necessary assistance.

The ministry praised the rapid rescue operation conducted by the Yemeni Coast Guard, with support from the Yemeni Navy, which safely evacuated all 14 crew members, including 13 Indian nationals, and transported them to the Port of Mocha.

The successful rescue prevented casualties despite the vessel being completely lost in the attack.

Attack Called Violation of International Law

Describing the strike as a "flagrant violation" of international and maritime law, Yemen's Foreign Ministry said attacks on commercial shipping threaten the safety of navigation and undermine freedom of movement through international waterways.

The government accused the Houthi movement of carrying out repeated attacks on merchant vessels, ports, oil facilities and civilian infrastructure, arguing that such actions have worsened Yemen's humanitarian crisis while destabilising regional security.

The ministry also stressed the importance of protecting international shipping lanes from further attacks.

India Condemns Assault

The attack comes after India strongly condemned the sinking of the cargo vessel and reaffirmed its commitment to safeguarding Indian seafarers and maritime interests.

Indian authorities have been monitoring developments in the Red Sea closely amid growing security risks posed by attacks on commercial shipping.

The latest incident is expected to further intensify international concerns over maritime security as geopolitical tensions continue to affect key global trade routes.

The latest attacks by Yemen’s Houthi movement on Saudi oil tankers in the Red Sea have once again drawn international attention to the group’s growing military capabilities. Reports of missile and drone strikes on commercial vessels have heightened concerns over maritime security in one of the world's most important trade corridors, where billions of dollars worth of goods pass every year.

According to reports, the Houthis recently claimed responsibility for attacks on two Saudi oil tankers, identified as Encelia and Layla, near the Bab el-Mandeb Strait. Saudi authorities confirmed that Encelia sustained damage and caught fire after being struck. The incidents have forced several shipping companies to reconsider routes through the Red Sea, increasing concerns about global energy supplies and trade flows.

The attacks come at a time when tensions are already affecting navigation through the Strait of Hormuz, creating fears that two of the world's most critical maritime chokepoints could face simultaneous disruptions.

Red Sea Under Pressure

Stretching between northeast Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, the Red Sea serves as a major gateway connecting Europe, Asia and the Middle East. Thousands of vessels carrying crude oil, liquefied natural gas and manufactured goods transit through the region annually.

The Houthis control large parts of Yemen’s western coastline overlooking the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, giving them a strategic position from which they can target commercial and military vessels.

Following the latest attacks, maritime tracking data showed that several oil tankers altered their routes to avoid the increasingly contested waterway. Some vessels carrying Saudi crude reportedly reversed course instead of continuing toward the strait.

Security analysts warn that prolonged disruptions could increase shipping costs, delay cargo deliveries and affect global energy markets.

Missiles Form Core Capability

Military experts describe the Houthis as the first non-state armed group to operationally deploy anti-ship ballistic missiles during active conflicts.

Among the most significant weapons in their inventory are the Asef and Tankil missiles, which are believed to have ranges of up to 500 kilometres. These systems reportedly draw heavily from Iranian missile technology and can strike targets across large portions of the Red Sea.

The group also operates shorter-range systems such as the Faleq, Mayun and Bahr al-Ahmar missiles. While these missiles have lower ranges, they remain effective against vessels travelling close to Yemen’s coastline.

Unlike conventional cruise missiles, ballistic missiles travel high into the atmosphere before descending toward their targets at extreme speeds, making interception difficult and forcing naval forces to use expensive defensive systems.

Growing Drone Fleet

Drones have become one of the Houthis’ most important military assets. Over the past decade, the group has developed a diverse inventory of unmanned aerial vehicles capable of reconnaissance and long-range strike missions.

Among the most notable are the Wa’id-1 and Wa’id-2 drones, believed to be local versions of Iran’s Shahed-series loitering munitions. These drones reportedly have operational ranges exceeding 1,500 kilometres.

The movement also fields the Sammad family of drones, which have been used in attacks against regional targets. Another important platform is the Qasef series, designed for shorter-range operations and precision strikes.

Experts say drones allow the Houthis to launch relatively low-cost attacks while forcing opponents to spend significantly more on interception and air defence.

Explosive Boats and Mines

Beyond missiles and drones, the Houthis have developed unmanned explosive boats designed to attack ships at sea level.

The Tofan series of drone boats can reportedly carry hundreds of kilograms of explosives and travel at high speeds toward target vessels. These systems are intended to strike vulnerable sections of ships, including engine compartments and waterline areas.

The group is also believed to possess naval mines capable of damaging or sinking vessels. Some mines detonate upon contact, while others activate through acoustic or magnetic signatures generated by passing ships.

Security agencies consider these systems particularly dangerous because they can remain hidden and threaten commercial traffic long after deployment.

Surveillance Network Supports Operations

Accurate targeting requires continuous tracking of maritime traffic. To support its operations, the Houthis have reportedly developed an extensive intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance network.

This system uses commercial shipping data, coastal radar installations, observation posts and reconnaissance drones to monitor vessel movements across the Red Sea.

Analysts believe these capabilities allow the group to identify potential targets and update strike plans in near real time.

Iran Links and Local Production

According to military assessments, the Houthis maintain their arsenal through a combination of external support and domestic manufacturing.

Experts say Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Quds Force provides technical assistance, components and specialised equipment. Rather than shipping complete missile systems, modular parts are believed to be transported and later assembled inside Yemen.

Over the years, the Houthis have also developed underground production facilities in areas under their control. These sites reportedly assemble missiles and drones while modifying imported designs to suit local manufacturing capabilities.

The result is a military force that has evolved far beyond a traditional insurgent movement. With advanced missiles, drones, explosive boats and surveillance systems, the Houthis now possess capabilities that rival those of some state militaries, making them a growing challenge for regional security and global shipping.

The conflict in West Asia is no longer confined to the battlefield. It is increasingly threatening some of the world's most critical maritime trade routes, raising fresh concerns for the global economy. After prolonged disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz, attention has now shifted to the Red Sea, where reports suggest Iran has asked Yemen's Houthi movement to prepare for a possible closure of the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.

If the strategic waterway is disrupted, it could significantly impact global shipping, energy supplies and international trade. For India, which relies heavily on maritime imports and exports, the consequences could be substantial.

Why the Bab el-Mandeb Strait Matters

The Bab el-Mandeb Strait connects the Red Sea with the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea. It serves as a crucial gateway for ships travelling between Asia and Europe through the Suez Canal.

Every year, thousands of commercial vessels carrying crude oil, liquefied natural gas (LNG), manufactured goods and essential commodities pass through the narrow passage. Any disruption would force ships to take the much longer route around the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, increasing both transit time and transportation costs.

Potential Impact on India

India imports nearly 85% of its crude oil requirements, with a significant share sourced from West Asian countries. While much of this energy reaches India through the Strait of Hormuz, exports to Europe and trade with Mediterranean markets largely depend on the Red Sea route.

A prolonged disruption in the Bab el-Mandeb Strait could have multiple economic consequences:

• Shipping costs may rise sharply due to longer routes and higher insurance premiums.

• Crude oil prices could increase, pushing up India's import bill.

• Exports to Europe may become costlier and slower, affecting sectors such as engineering goods, textiles, pharmaceuticals and chemicals.

• Delays in the supply of raw materials and components could disrupt manufacturing and industrial production.

Inflation Risks

Higher transportation and fuel costs are likely to translate into increased prices for goods and services. Rising crude oil prices generally lead to higher fuel costs, which eventually affect logistics, food prices and overall inflation.

Economists warn that persistent supply disruptions could put additional pressure on the Reserve Bank of India's efforts to maintain price stability.

Supply Chain Challenges

Global supply chains are still recovering from disruptions witnessed over the past few years. Any closure of the Red Sea route could create fresh bottlenecks in the movement of containers, industrial equipment and consumer goods.

Companies dependent on just-in-time deliveries may face production delays, while exporters could encounter higher freight charges and longer delivery schedules.

Government Monitoring Developments

Indian authorities are closely monitoring developments in West Asia. Shipping companies have already increased security measures, while global maritime agencies continue to issue advisories for vessels operating in the region.

Industry experts believe that if tensions escalate further and both the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait face prolonged disruptions, global trade could witness one of its biggest logistical challenges in recent years.

For India, maintaining energy security, controlling inflation and ensuring uninterrupted trade will remain key priorities as geopolitical tensions continue to evolve.