Afghanistan has completed five years under Taliban rule, a period marked by sweeping social restrictions, particularly on women and girls, tighter controls over the media and the return of public corporal punishment.

The Taliban captured Kabul on August 15, 2021, following the collapse of the previous Afghan government and the withdrawal of US-led international forces. Five years later, the group has consolidated its control over the country, while Afghanistan's economy has recorded some signs of recovery.

However, the economic improvements have taken place alongside continued international criticism over human rights and restrictions on fundamental freedoms.

Taliban Seizes Kabul

The Taliban entered Kabul on August 15, 2021, bringing the previous government to an abrupt end.

Commercial flights were suspended as thousands of Afghans rushed towards Hamid Karzai International Airport in an attempt to leave the country. Images of people attempting to cling to a departing US Air Force C-17 aircraft became one of the defining scenes of the chaotic evacuation.

The Taliban initially promised that women would retain their rights within an Islamic framework and that people who had worked with the previous government or foreign forces would receive amnesty.

Those assurances were followed by a series of increasingly restrictive policies.

Women Face Severe Restrictions

Afghanistan has become the only country where girls are formally barred from secondary education and women are excluded from university education under Taliban policy.

The restrictions extend beyond education. Women have faced limits on employment, travel, access to public spaces and other areas of daily life.

According to United Nations findings cited in the report, the Taliban has issued more than 100 decrees affecting women since 2021.

A UN survey found that around seven in ten Afghan women described their mental health as bad or very bad. More than half said they left their homes only once or twice a month, while nearly three-quarters reported feeling unsafe outside without a male guardian.

Women also account for only a small share of formal employment compared with men.

Public Punishment Returns

Corporal punishment has also returned as a visible feature of Afghanistan's justice system.

According to Human Rights Watch, courts ordered corporal punishment in at least 18 cases between August 2021 and November 2022, with many involving offences classified as moral crimes.

In December 2022, 27 people were publicly flogged before a crowd at a stadium in Parwan province.

While corporal punishment existed under previous Afghan governments as well, rights organisations have criticised the Taliban for implementing such punishments more openly and regularly.

Media Freedom Under Pressure

Afghanistan's media sector has also undergone major changes since the Taliban takeover.

The Committee to Protect Journalists has described the country as one of the world's most difficult environments for journalists. Numerous Afghan journalists have left the country since 2021 amid security concerns and restrictions.

Among the measures reported during Taliban rule are restrictions on live political broadcasts, limitations on criticism of Taliban leadership and tighter controls over the selection of guests appearing on television programmes.

The Taliban has also expanded its own media presence. By 2025, it reportedly controlled or directly influenced a significant network of television, radio, newspaper and digital media outlets.

Economy Shows Recovery

Despite sanctions, international isolation and reduced foreign assistance, Afghanistan's economy has shown some signs of stabilisation.

According to the World Bank, real GDP grew by 4.8% in 2025, while domestic government revenue increased to around 19.8% of GDP.

However, the recovery has not translated into broad improvements in living standards. Per-capita income remains below pre-2021 levels, while limited banking access, electricity shortages, dependence on imports and a large informal economy continue to constrain growth.

The reduction in foreign aid has also placed additional pressure on households and businesses.

Opium Production Falls

One of the most significant changes under Taliban rule has been the dramatic decline in poppy cultivation.

Afghanistan was the world's largest source of opium when the Taliban returned to power. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime had estimated that the country accounted for a substantial share of global opium production.

After the Taliban announced a ban on poppy cultivation in April 2022, cultivation fell sharply. UNODC reported a 95% decline in poppy cultivation in 2023.

The reduction has been welcomed from a narcotics-control perspective, although it has also created economic difficulties for farmers who previously depended on poppy cultivation for income.

Russia Recognises Taliban Government

Afghanistan's diplomatic position has also evolved since 2021.

Russia became the first country to formally recognise the Taliban government, marking a significant development in the group's international relations.

The Taliban has said it maintains diplomatic contacts with around 40 countries and argues that it has met conditions required for wider recognition.

India has increased diplomatic engagement with Kabul without formally recognising the Taliban government. In October 2025, Taliban Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi visited India, marking the first visit by a senior Taliban government official to the country.

China and the United Arab Emirates have also accepted ambassadors appointed by the Taliban, although neither country has formally recognised the government.

Five Years of Contrasting Developments

Five years after the Taliban's return to power, Afghanistan presents a mixed picture.

The authorities have maintained territorial control, increased domestic revenue and sharply reduced poppy cultivation. At the same time, restrictions on women and girls, pressure on journalists and the use of corporal punishment have drawn sustained criticism from international organisations.

The country's future remains closely tied to whether the Taliban can balance economic recovery with demands for greater rights and freedoms, while also seeking wider international acceptance.

For millions of Afghans, the fifth anniversary therefore represents not only a change in political leadership but also a profound transformation of everyday life.

The European Union is set to hold talks with a Taliban delegation in Brussels over the return of failed Afghan asylum seekers, a move that has reignited debate over the bloc’s migration policies and its engagement with Afghanistan’s de facto rulers. The discussions come as several European governments seek stricter measures to address irregular migration and increase deportations of migrants who have no legal right to remain in Europe.

Belgium has approved short-term visas for five Taliban representatives to attend the meeting. While EU officials insist that the talks do not amount to formal recognition of the Taliban government, human rights organizations have criticized the decision, arguing that it undermines the European Union’s stance on human rights and accountability.

The meeting is expected to focus on practical arrangements for returning Afghan nationals whose asylum applications have been rejected. European authorities say the discussions are necessary because Afghanistan remains a major source of asylum seekers across the continent.

According to Belgian officials, the visas granted to the Taliban delegation are valid only within Belgium and do not permit travel across the wider Schengen Area. Authorities also confirmed that the visas are limited to a single day and were issued following security assessments.

Migration Policy Takes Center Stage

The talks reflect growing pressure on European governments to tighten immigration controls amid rising public concern over migration. In recent years, several EU member states have pushed for stronger deportation mechanisms, particularly for individuals who have exhausted legal avenues to remain in Europe.

European Commission officials have argued that engagement with Taliban authorities is necessary to facilitate the return of migrants. Earlier this month, EU Migration Commissioner Magnus Brunner stated that Brussels has limited options when dealing with Afghanistan and must engage with those currently exercising authority in the country.

Data from European agencies show that EU member states received nearly one million asylum applications from Afghan nationals between 2013 and 2024. Approximately half of those applications were approved during that period.

Rights Groups Object

The planned meeting has drawn criticism from human rights organizations, which say the EU risks compromising its principles by engaging with the Taliban while continuing to condemn its human rights record.

Human Rights Watch and other advocacy groups have warned that returning Afghans to a country facing a severe humanitarian crisis raises serious legal and ethical concerns. Critics argue that many Afghans continue to face economic hardship, food insecurity, and restrictions on basic freedoms under Taliban rule.

Since returning to power in 2021, the Taliban have imposed strict social regulations, particularly affecting women and girls. International organizations have repeatedly criticized restrictions on female education, employment opportunities, and access to public spaces.

Officials familiar with the discussions emphasize that the meeting is focused on migration management rather than diplomatic recognition. However, analysts note that direct engagement with Taliban representatives reflects the practical challenges European governments face in implementing deportation policies.

The issue has become increasingly sensitive across Europe, where migration remains a major political topic. Rising support for right-wing and anti-immigration parties in several countries has added pressure on governments to demonstrate tougher border and asylum policies.

The outcome of the Brussels talks could influence future EU policy toward Afghanistan and set a precedent for how European institutions engage with governments that lack formal international recognition. For now, the meeting highlights the difficult balance between migration management, diplomatic realities, and human rights concerns.

The Taliban government on Wednesday accused Pakistan of conducting overnight air strikes inside Afghan territory, claiming at least 13 civilians were killed, including 11 children.

Taliban spokesperson Zabihullah Mujahid said Pakistani military aircraft violated Afghan airspace between Tuesday night and early Wednesday, hitting civilian homes in the eastern provinces of Kunar, Khost, and Paktika. Fourteen others were injured, mostly women, according to the group.

Mujahid described the attacks as “unprovoked aggression” and released photographs showing what he said were the aftermath, including damaged homes and casualties. Pakistan has not yet commented publicly on the latest allegations.

Strikes Hit Residential Areas

Initial reports from local sources indicated explosions in remote villages near the border. Residents described hearing aircraft overhead followed by blasts that shook homes, according to accounts shared with Afghan media outlets. One survivor reportedly lost multiple family members in the strikes.

The Taliban has framed the incident as part of a pattern of cross-border operations by Islamabad that have intensified over the past year.

Rising Civilian Toll

Of the 13 killed, 11 were children, one woman, and one elderly man, Mujahid said. The group also claimed 14 women sustained injuries. While independent verification remains difficult in the volatile region, such casualty figures have become distressingly common in recent flare-ups between the two neighbours.

Photographs circulated by Taliban officials showed rubble and what appeared to be remnants of residential structures. Afghan authorities have called for an immediate end to what they term repeated violations of sovereignty.

Background of Escalating Tensions

Relations between Kabul and Islamabad have deteriorated sharply since the Taliban’s return to power in 2021. Once seen as a key backer of the group, Pakistan now accuses the Taliban of sheltering militants from the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA), who Islamabad blames for deadly attacks inside Pakistan.

Taliban officials reject these charges and counter that Pakistan harbours anti-Afghan elements and routinely infringes on Afghan territory. The border has largely remained closed since major clashes erupted in October 2025, disrupting trade and displacing thousands of civilians on both sides.

Earlier incidents, including reported strikes on a rehabilitation centre in Kabul in March that allegedly killed hundreds, have further poisoned the atmosphere. Pakistani authorities have consistently maintained that their operations target militant hideouts and are necessary for national security.

Impact on Border Communities

The latest violence comes as residents along the porous Durand Line continue to bear the brunt of the conflict. Many families have already fled deeper into Afghanistan or towards safer areas, adding to the humanitarian strain in a country already grappling with economic hardship and internal challenges.

Local traders and farmers, who once relied on cross-border movement, say the prolonged closure has devastated livelihoods. “We used to move goods freely; now everything is frozen,” one merchant from the region was quoted saying in local reports.

Diplomatic Silence and Next Steps

As of Wednesday afternoon, there was no official word from Pakistan’s foreign ministry or military on the Taliban’s accusations. Analysts suggest Islamabad may view such operations as defensive measures against what it sees as persistent threats emanating from Afghan soil.

The incident is likely to further complicate already strained regional dynamics. With both sides locked in mutual recriminations, the prospects for dialogue remain dim in the near term.

Observers warn that continued military actions risk spiralling into wider instability, affecting not just bilateral ties but the broader security architecture in South and Central Asia. International calls for restraint have so far yielded little visible effect on the ground.

The Taliban has vowed to respond appropriately while urging the international community to take note of what it calls Pakistani aggression. For now, the focus remains on the immediate aftermath in Kunar, Khost, and Paktika, where rescue and relief efforts are reportedly underway.

The Strike That Shocked the World

In the deadliest single incident of the ongoing Pakistan-Afghanistan conflict, a Pakistani airstrike struck the Omar Addiction Treatment Hospital in Kabul at approximately 9 p.m. local time on March 16, killing at least 400 people and injuring around 250 others. The facility — a 2,000-bed drug rehabilitation centre known as "Omid," meaning "Hope," located in a former NATO camp — was housing thousands of young Afghans battling addiction, one of the country's most severe social crises.

This was not a military base. This was a hospital full of patients.

The Pakistan airstrike on Kabul's Omid hospital is not just a tragedy — it is a turning point. Whatever the truth of competing narratives, the images of rescue workers using flashlights to carry bodies from burning rubble demand a global response.

What Happened: A Timeline

The conflict began in late February when Pakistan launched airstrikes inside Afghanistan that Kabul said killed civilians. Afghanistan retaliated with cross-border attacks, disrupting a ceasefire that Qatar had brokered in October 2024. Since then, Pakistan has declared itself in a state of "open war" with Afghanistan.

On the day of the hospital strike, Afghan officials reported that mortar shells from Pakistan struck villages in Khost province, killing four people including two children, as fighting entered its third week. That same evening, the Omid hospital was hit.

Television footage showed firefighters struggling to extinguish flames among the ruins of the building, while security forces carried out casualties under flashlight in the dark.

Pakistan Denies It. Afghanistan Calls It a Crime Against Humanity.

The two sides are telling vastly different stories.

Pakistan's Ministry of Information stated that its strikes precisely targeted military installations and terrorist support infrastructure in Kabul and Nangarhar, and that its targeting was "precise and carefully undertaken to ensure no collateral damage."

Afghanistan's government spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid flatly rejected that version, accusing Pakistan of "targeting hospitals and civilian sites to perpetrate horrors" and calling the act "against all accepted principles and a crime against humanity."

A Taliban health spokesman confirmed that the death toll could rise further, as rescue teams were still pulling bodies from the rubble.

The truth of what happened inside that facility matters enormously — but the scale of death demands accountability regardless of which narrative holds up to scrutiny.

The Bigger Picture: Why This Conflict Keeps Escalating

At the heart of this war is a long-running accusation. Pakistan accuses Afghanistan of providing safe haven to the Pakistani Taliban (TTP), designated a terrorist organisation by the United States, as well as to Baloch separatist groups who regularly attack Pakistani civilians and security forces. Kabul flatly denies this.

China's Foreign Ministry confirmed that its special envoy has been shuttling between Kabul and Islamabad to mediate, urging both sides to "remain calm, exercise restraint," and achieve a ceasefire through dialogue. The international community is watching closely — and nervously — because the region is also home to al-Qaeda and the Islamic State group, both of which have been attempting to resurface.

The UN Speaks — But Is Anyone Listening?

Hours before the hospital strike, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution calling on Afghanistan's Taliban rulers to immediately step up efforts to combat terrorism. The resolution also extended the UN political mission in Afghanistan for three months. It condemned terrorist activity in the strongest terms — but crucially did not name Pakistan.

That omission reflects the geopolitical tightrope the international community is walking. Naming Pakistan would escalate diplomatic tensions. Staying silent enables a war with no ceasefire in sight.

The World Cannot Look Away

The Pakistan airstrike on Kabul's hospital is a moment that strips away the language of military precision and lays bare the human cost of this conflict. Whether the building housed patients or militants — and overwhelming evidence points to the former — 400 people are dead and 250 are injured. Rescue workers are still pulling bodies from the fire.

South Asia cannot afford a full-scale war between two nuclear-armed neighbours in an already volatile neighbourhood. The international community's calls for restraint have so far gone unheeded. That must change — now.

In a dramatic escalation of hostilities, Pakistan's Defence Minister Khawaja Asif has declared an "open war" against Afghanistan's Taliban government, signaling a dangerous new chapter in the long-troubled bilateral relationship. The declaration follows intense cross-border clashes that have already claimed scores of lives and triggered retaliatory airstrikes on both sides .

Pakistan-Afghanistan Conflict: "Our Patience Has Reached Its Limit"

"Our patience has reached its limit. Now it is open war between us and you," Asif posted on social media platform X early Friday, in a stark message directed at Afghanistan's rulers . The defense minister's declaration came hours after what Islamabad describes as an unprovoked attack by Afghan forces along the Kunar border late Thursday night.

The fighting represents the most serious confrontation since the Taliban took control of Kabul in 2021, effectively ending any pretense of diplomatic engagement between the neighboring Islamic states.

Conflicting Casualty Figures Deepen the Crisis

The two capitals have presented wildly divergent accounts of the fighting, a familiar pattern in their troubled history. Afghanistan's Deputy Spokesperson Hamdullah Fitrat claims that Afghan forces killed 55 Pakistani soldiers, capturing some alive and seizing 19 military outposts along with weapons and equipment .

Pakistan has categorically rejected these figures. Information Minister Attaullah Tarar stated that only two Pakistani soldiers were killed, while claiming that 133 Afghan Taliban fighters have been "terminated" in retaliatory strikes, with more than 200 wounded . According to Pakistani officials, Operation Ghazab Lil Haq—translating roughly to "Wrath of God"—has destroyed 27 Taliban outposts and captured nine.

Cross-Border Airstrikes Target Major Cities

The conflict escalated dramatically when Pakistan launched pre-dawn airstrikes Friday against what it termed "important military facilities" in Kabul, Kandahar, and Paktia Province . Pakistani Information Minister Attaullah Tarar shared footage of the operations on X, showing strikes in the Afghan capital as well as Kandahar and Baktika.

The Taliban responded in kind, with spokesperson Zabihullah Mujahid confirming that "wide-ranging retaliatory operations" were launched against Pakistani positions from Kandahar and Helmand Province . Witnesses in Kabul reported blasts and gunfire, though initial reports indicated no casualties from the airstrikes.

Civilian Casualties Draw International Concern

The human cost of the escalating cross-border airstrikes is becoming increasingly apparent. Reports from Afghanistan indicate that civilians have been caught in the crossfire. In Nangarhar Province, wounded Afghan women were hospitalized after a Pakistani mortar struck a returnees' camp near the Torkham border .

The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) has confirmed civilian deaths in recent operations and expressed grave concern about the escalating violence. UN Secretary-General António Guterres has appealed to both sides for restraint, emphasizing that civilians must be protected in accordance with international law .

Regional and International Response

The international community has moved quickly to address the crisis. Iran has offered to mediate between the two neighbors, while the United Nations urges both parties to pursue diplomatic solutions .

Notably, India has emerged as the only country to publicly condemn Pakistan's airstrikes, describing them as an attempt to "externalize internal failures." Other regional powers including China, Russia, and Central Asian states have maintained silence, reflecting the complex geopolitical calculations at play .

Historical Context: The Durand Line Dispute

The current crisis cannot be understood without reference to the long-standing dispute over the Durand Line, the 19th-century border demarcation that Afghanistan has never formally recognized. Both nations regularly accuse each other of harboring militant groups and attacking border posts .

Since the Taliban's return to power in 2021, relations have steadily deteriorated. Islamabad accuses the Taliban government of allowing Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) fighters to operate from Afghan soil—a charge Kabul consistently denies .

What Happens Next?

With both sides claiming military successes and vowing to continue operations, the immediate outlook appears grim. Pakistan's Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif has declared that the nation stands united behind its armed forces, which he says are fully capable of crushing any aggression .

Afghanistan's former president Hamid Karzai has urged Afghans to defend their homeland with unity and courage, while calling on Pakistan to pursue "good neighborly and civilized relations."

Previous ceasefire attempts, including a Qatar-brokered agreement in October 2025, have failed to produce lasting peace. Unless meaningful diplomatic engagement resumes soon, the Pakistan-Afghanistan conflict seems destined to escalate further, with ordinary civilians on both sides paying the heaviest price.