According to studies conducted using high-resolution images from the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter, the MM-4 site lies on the flat summit of Mons Mouton, a mountain rising nearly 6,000 metres above the surrounding terrain near the lunar South Pole. ISRO scientists presented the findings at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC) 2026. While the site has been shortlisted, officials said the final landing decision will be taken closer to the mission launch after further analysis.
The selection is driven by a combination of terrain safety and scientific value. Data from the Orbiter High-Resolution Camera (OHRC), which provides images at a resolution of about 32 centimetres per pixel, helped scientists map slopes, craters, surface texture and boulder distribution. The MM-4 region has an average slope of around five degrees—well within the lander’s tolerance limit of up to ten degrees—and contains fewer large rocks, significantly reducing landing risks.
Scientists also highlighted the region’s favourable illumination conditions. The site is expected to receive near-continuous sunlight for 11 to 12 days, a critical factor for powering instruments and maintaining thermal stability. In addition, the location offers reliable radio visibility with Earth, ensuring uninterrupted communication during surface operations.
The South Pole holds particular scientific importance due to the potential presence of water ice in permanently shadowed areas. Access to such resources could provide insights into the Moon’s geological history and support future deep-space missions.
Chandrayaan-4,
Following the success of Chandrayaan-3’s historic soft landing on August 23, 2023, Chandrayaan-4 is being described as ISRO’s most technically demanding lunar mission yet. If successful, it will place India among a select group of nations to have returned samples from the Moon.
