Khaleda Zia, Bangladesh's First Female Prime Minister, Dies at 80 Amid Pivotal Election Season

Khaleda Zia, Bangladesh's First Female Prime Minister, Dies at 80

Khaleda Zia, the three-time former prime minister of Bangladesh and the nation's first woman to hold the office, died Tuesday morning at a hospital in Dhaka. She was 80. Her passing marks the end of a defining era in the country's turbulent politics and occurs just weeks before pivotal national elections.

The Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), which Zia led for decades, announced her death, stating she passed away at 6 a.m. local time at Evercare Hospital after a prolonged illness. The government has declared three days of state mourning, and her funeral is scheduled for Wednesday. She will be buried beside her husband, former President Ziaur Rahman.

A Nation Mourns a Divisive Icon

The announcement plunged the nation into mourning, with thousands gathering outside the hospital and at her residence in Dhaka. The government's chief advisor, Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus, called Zia a "symbol of the democratic movement" and said the "nation has lost a great guardian". Condolences poured in from global leaders, including Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Pakistan's Shehbaz Sharif.

Zia had been in fragile health for years, suffering from liver cirrhosis, arthritis, diabetes, and heart and kidney complications. She was admitted to the hospital in late November with a lung infection and was later placed on ventilator support.

From "Shy Housewife" to "Uncompromising Leader"

Zia's political life was forged from personal tragedy. Born in 1945 (or 1946 according to some sources) in Dinajpur, she was a reserved homemaker married to army officer Ziaur Rahman. Following his assassination in 1981, party leaders urged the grieving widow to step into the leadership vacuum of the BNP, which he had founded.

Despite being initially dismissed as a novice, she rose to become a formidable force against the military dictatorship of Hussain Muhammad Ershad in the 1980s. Her steadfast refusal to participate in what she deemed illegitimate elections and her willingness to endure repeated arrests earned her the reputation as Bangladesh's "uncompromising leader".

The "Battle of the Begums" That Shaped a Nation

Zia's legacy is inextricably linked with that of her archrival, Sheikh Hasina of the Awami League. Their fierce, decades-long political feud was dubbed the "Battle of the Begums," a title for powerful women that came to define Bangladesh's polarized politics.

A Complicated Alliance and Rivalry: The two women initially collaborated to oust military ruler Ershad in 1990. However, their alliance shattered when Zia defeated Hasina in the landmark 1991 election, becoming prime minister with support from Islamist parties like Jamaat-e-Islami.

A Cycle of Vengeance: Their rivalry became intensely personal, fueled by the bloody history of their families—Hasina's father, the nation's founding leader, was assassinated in 1975; Zia's husband was assassinated in 1981. For the next two decades, they alternated in power, with their governments routinely jailing or prosecuting the other on corruption charges.

The Final Chapters: Hasina's long rule from 2009-2024 saw Zia imprisoned in 2018 on graft charges her party called politically motivated. In a dramatic reversal, Hasina was ousted in a 2024 uprising and is now in exile, while Zia was acquitted and freed.

A Mixed Legacy and an Uncertain Future

Zia leaves behind a contested record. Supporters hail her as a democrat who made primary education free and compulsory and championed women's empowerment. Critics point to her government's failure to curb rising Islamist militancy in the early 2000s and the paralyzing political strikes she endorsed.

Her death closes the personal chapter of the "Battle of the Begums," but the political struggle continues. All eyes are now on the February 12 general election. Zia's son, Tarique Rahman, who returned from exile days before her death, is expected to formally lead the BNP into the contest.

The election will be the first major test of whether the BNP can translate the national outpouring of grief for its matriarch into political victory in a post-begum era.